Wednesday, October 7, 2009

Viceroys & Governor Generals



The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and later, after Indian independence, the representative of the monarch and de facto head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official became known as the Governor-General of India.

In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British Crown. The Governor-General headed the central Government of India which administered the Provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others. However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British government: outside the provinces of British India there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the Governor-General's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was applied to him.

The title of Viceroy was abandoned when India and Pakistan gained their independence in 1947, but the office of Governor-General continued to exist in both new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively.

Until 1858, the Governor-General was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the Sovereign continued to appoint the Governor-General, but did so on the advice of the Indian government, rather than the British one.

Governors-General served five-year terms, but could be removed earlier. After the conclusion of a term, a provisional Governor-General was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. Provisional Governors-General were often chosen from among the provincial Governors.

1. LORD CANNING (1856-1862):

a)Last Gov. Gen and First Viceroy.

b)Mutiny of 1857

c)Queen’s proclamation @ Allahabad @ 1858

d) India Councils Act-1861

e)Withdrew Doctrine Of Lapse

f)White Mutiny-1859

g)Universities @Calcutta, Bombay, Madras

2. LORD ELGIN I (1862-1863):

a)He died @1862

b)Adminstration was carried by SIR NAPIER and SIR DENISON.

3.SIR JOHN LAWRENCE(1864-1868):

a)Telegraphic communication in Europe

b)High Court @Calcutta, Bombay , Madras.

c) War with Bhutan-1865

d)Canal works and Railways

e)Indian Forest Dept.

4. LORD MAYO(1868-1872):

a)Financial de-centralization.

b)Rajkot college@kathiawar, Mayo coll @ Ajmer.

c)First time census was taken-1871,

d) STATISTICAL SURVEY OF INDIA established.

e) ONLY VICEROY TO B KILLED by an Andaman Convict.

5. SIR JOHN STRATCHEY- 1872

a) In 1868, he became member of the governor-general's council, and on the assassination of Lord Mayo in 1872 he acted temporarily as viceroy.

b) In 1874 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces. In 1876, by request of Lord Lytton and the secretary of state, he consented to relinquish that office, and returned to the governor-general's council as financial minister, which post he retained until 1880.

6. LORD NORTHBROOK(1872-1876):

a)Visit of Prince of wales in 1875

b)Resignation over afghan

7. LORD LYTTON I (1876-1880):

a)ARMS ACT & VERNACULAR PRESS ACT (1878)

b)ROYAL TITLES ACT- 1876

c) he was called “ viceroy of reverse characters”

d) Delhi durbar- jan 1877; queen Victoria- “empress of India”

e)Second afghan war

f) First Famine Commission under RICHARD STRACHEY

8.LORD RIPPON(1880-1884):

a) Only viceroy who sympathized Indians.

b) first Factory Act-1881

c) First census was taken

d) Repealed vernacular press act

e) implemented LOCAL SELF GOVT in India.

f)Division of finances @ Centre

g) primary and secondary education was given importance.

h) WILLIAM HUNTER’S COMMISSION- educational pupose.

i) ILLBERT BILL-1883

j) FAMINE CODE -1883

k) reduced Salt tax.

9.LORD DUFFERIN(1884-1888):

a)INC formed

b) Third Burmese war

c) Lord Cross was secretary of state then

10.LORD LANSDOWNE(1888-1894):

a) Second Factory Act

b) Categorisation of civil services-

i) Imperial ii) Provincial iii) Sub-ordinate

c)Indian Council Act-1892

d) DURAND COMMISION (1893)- Durand line separating british India and Afghanistan (now, it’s between Pakistan and Afghanistan).

11. LORD ELGIN II(1894-1899):

a) Assasination of 2 british officials by CHAPEKAR BROS(1897)

b) Great famine- LYALL commission was set up

12. LORD CURZON(1899-1905):

a) Indian Universities act- 1904

b) Commission Under SIR THOMAS RAYLEIGH for official control over universities.

c)Partition of Bengal

d)Official secrets act-1904

e)Police commission – under ANDREW FRASER

f) ICC (imperial cadet corps)

g) NWFP created (North Western Frontier Province)

h) Ancient Monument Preservation Act-1904

i) Archaeological survey of India

j) Indian coinage and paper currency act-1899

k)Agricultural research Inst @ delhi

l) Colonel.Young Husband’s expedition 2 tibet -1904

m) wrote 3 books on problems of Asians (Curzon wrote)

n)Punjab Land Transfer act

o) Wiston Project- irrigation

p) reduced salt tax; implemented tax for tea exported from India.

q) Mines Act; Assam Labour Act

r) Constructed VICTORIA MEMORIAL @ Calcutta

s) Calcutta Corporation Act.

13. LORD MINTO II (1905-1910):

a) Anti partition and Swadeshi movements.

b) Surat Split

c) India Council Act 1909 (minto morley reforms)

d) MUSLIM LEAGUE- 1906

14. LORD HARDINGE(1910-1916):

a) Delhi durbar -1911 (Coronation of GEORGE V and Queen Mary)

b)Bengal partition annulled.

c) capital-> from Calcutta 2 delhi.

d) A bomb was thrown to attack hardinge, but he escaped.

e) Gandhi returned from South Africa.

f)Annie Besant & Tilak – Home Rule

g) G.K. gokalae died- 1915

h) Foundation of HINDU MAHASABHA ( madan mohan malviya and few Punjabi leaders)

15. LORD CHELMSFORD(1916-1921):

a) Lucknow session of INC

b) Lucknow Pact

c)Gandhi- Champaran satyagraha

Satyagraha @ ahmedabad

Khaira Satyagraha

d)August declaration-1917

e)Indian Liberal Federation (1918)- S.N. Banerji (he and few others had resigned from INC then)

f)Rowlatt Act, Jallian Walabagh(1919)

g) Tilak died-1920

h) Khilafat comm. (1920)

i)Non-Co-operation movement

j) Nagpur Session of INC (constitutional changes in INC)

k)Women’s Univ @ poona

l)S.P.SINHA – Lt. governor of bihar

(he was the first Indian to become a governor. He was the second Indian to be a member of british parliament, first was dadabainaoroji)

n)Saddler commission (1917) – to envisage educational policy.

16. LORD READING (1921-1925):

a) Rowlatt act and press acts repealed

b)Non co-op movement suppressed

c) Prince of wales visited India.

d) Moplah rebellion- kerala

e)Swaraj party

f)Viswabharathi University

g) communist party – M.N.Roy

h) KAKORY train robbery – 1925

i) Swami shradanand- leader of arya samajists killed

j) Chauri chaura incident

k) Rashtriya Swayam Sevak (RSS)- K.B. Hedgewar @ Nagpur.

l)simultaneus ICS exams at England and India.

m) INDIANISATION of Indian army- officers cadre

17)LITTON II (1925):

Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton (acting)

18)LORD IRWIN(1926-1931):

a) known as “Christian Viceroy”.

b) Simon comm..

c) Indian resolution – 1929.

d) Dandi March-1930

e) Civil disob.

f) first Round tabl conf. (1930).

- Gandhi Irwin pact; civil dis-ob – withdrawn.

g) “deepavali declaration”- was said that India would be granted dominion status.

h) Lahore session- poorna swaraj

i) jan 26th 1930 – as 1st independence day.

19.LORD WILLINGDON(1931-36): (REFER DATES IN PD)

a) II round table conf. @ London – (1931)

b)Gandhi was arrested, civil- dis-ob again started.

c)Communal award

d)Gandhi’s fast unto death @ poona prison

e) III round table conference

f) poona pact (Gandhi & ambedkar)

g) Govt. of India Act- 1935

h) separation of Burma from India- 1935

i) Congress/ Socialist party – Acharya Narendra Dev &

Jai Prakash Narayan

j)All India Kisan Sabha – 1936.

20. LORD LINLITHGOW(1936-1944):

a) deliverance day

b) Churchill’s Atlantic charter ( was not applied 2 India c) world war II

d)Cripps Mission – 1942

e)Quit India Movement – 1942

f) Resignation of subash from INC

g) formation of FORWARD BLOCK

h) August offer of 1940

i) Gandhi’s individual satyagraha

21. LORD WAVEWELL (1944-1947):

a) Simla conference

b) Cabinet Mission plan

c)elections to constituent assembly. 1st meeting on dec 9th 1946.

d) Interim Govt. – Nehru

e) C.R. formula

f) Direct action day – 17th august 1946

22.LORD MOUNTBATTEN(1947-1948):

a) last viceroy and 1st gov. gen of free India

b) Partition of India – june 3rd plan

c) Indian independence Act- 1947 ( India became independent with this)

d) murder of gandhi

e)Kashmir annexed

23.C.RAJAGOPALACHARI :

First and last Indian Governor general of free India.


Governors-General of Fort William in Bengal

Warren Hastings

1774-1784

Sir John Macpherson (acting)

1785-1786

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

1786-1793

Sir John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth

1793-1798

Sir Alured Clarke (acting)

1798

Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

1798-1805

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

1805

Sir George Barlow

1805-1806

Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

1806-1813

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings

1813-1823

John Adam (acting)

1823

William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst of Arracan

1823-1828

William Butterworth Bayley (acting)

1828

William Cavendish Bentinck, Lord Bentinck

1828-1833

Governors-General of India

William Cavendish Bentinck, Lord Bentinck

1833-1835

Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (acting)

1835

George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland

1836-1842

Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough

1842-1844

William Wilberforce Bird (acting)

1844

Henry Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Lahore

1844-1847

James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess and Earl of Dalhousie

1848-1856

Charles John Canning, Viscount Canning

1856

Governors-General and Viceroys

Charles John Canning, Viscount Canning

1858-1862

James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

1862-1863

Sir Robert Cornelis Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala (acting)

November-December 1863

Sir William Denison (acting)

December 1863-January 1864

John Laird Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence

1864-1869

Robert Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo

1869-1872

Sir John Strachey (acting)

February 1872

Sir Francis Napier, 9th Baron Napier (acting)

February-May 1872

Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook

1872-1876

Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

1876-1880

George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon

1880-1884

Frederick Hamilton-Temple Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava

1884-1888

Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne

1888-1894

Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin

1894-1899

George Curzon, 1st Marquis Curzon of Kedleston

1899-1904

Arthur Oliver Villiers Russell, Lord Ampthill (acting)

1904

George Curzon, 1st Marquis Curzon of Kedleston

1904-1905

Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto

1905-1910

Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst

1910-1916

Frederick John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount of Chelmsford

1916-1921

Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading

1921-1925

Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton (acting)

1925-1926

Edward Frederick Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax

1926-1929

George Joachim Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen

1929-1931

Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon

1931-1936

Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow

1936-1943

Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell

1943-1947

Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma

1947

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